Indications |
Oral Primary treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis Adult: As hydrochloride: Initial 8 wk: 15 mg/kg/day or 30 mg/kg thrice wkly given with isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. For patients with history of antimycobacterial therapy: Initial doses: 25 mg/kg/day for 60 days, thereafter reduce to 15 mg/kg/day. Child: For treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 15-25 mg/kg daily or 50 mg/kg twice wkly. For congenitally acquired tuberculosis: Neonates: 15 mg/kg once daily and ≥1 mth: 15 mg/kg once daily or 30 mg/kg 3 times wkly for 2 mth initial treatment phase. Elderly: Renal impairment: Dose reduction may be required. Special Populations: Reduce dose in patients with renal impairment. |
Contraindications |
Hypersensitivity; optic neuritis. Lactation. |
Warnings / Precautions |
Impaired pre-treatment visual acuity, elderly, children. Perform liver, kidney and visual acuity tests regularly. Caution when assessing visual acuity in patients with cataracts, DM, recurrent eye inflammation to make sure that changes are not due to the underlying causes. |
Adverse Reactions |
Retrobulbar neuritis with a reduction in visual acuity, constriction of visual field, central or peripheral scotoma and green-red colour blindness. Retinal haemorrhage (rare); reduced renal clearance of urates (acute gout); GI disturbances eg, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia; rash, headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, malaise, jaundice; thrombocytopenia; pulmonary infiltrates. |
Drug Interactions |
Absorption delayed or reduced by aluminum hydroxide. Synergistic effect with other antitubercular agents. See Below for More ethambutol Drug Interactions |
Mechanism of Actions |
Ethambutol interferes with RNA synthesis, causing suppression of Mycobacteria multiplication. It also has bacteriostatic action against M tuberculosis by acting on rapidly growing pathogens in cavity walls and is also effective in slow-growing pathogens. Has some action against atypical opportunistic Mycobacteria e.g. M kansasii, M avium complex (MAC). Absorption: 80% is absorbed from the GI tract (oral). Distribution: Lungs, kidneys, erythrocytes, CSF (in meningitis); crosses the placenta and enters breast milk. Metabolism: Hepatic: Converted to the aldehyde and dicarboxylic acid derivatives (inactive). Excretion: Via urine (as unchanged, 8-15% as metabolites), via faeces (20% as unchanged); 3-4 hr (elimination half-life). |
Administration |
Should be taken with food. |
Storage Conditions |
Oral: Store at 15-25°C. |
ATC Classification |
J04AK02 - ethambutol ; Belongs to the class of other drugs used in the systemic treatment of tuberculosis. |
Storage |
Oral: Store at 15-25°C. |
Available As |
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Ethambutol
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Ethambutol Containing Brands
Ethambutol is used in following diseases
Drug - Drug Interactions of Ethambutol
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